In a port, the cargoes of oceangoing ships are unloaded and put on trains, trucks, or perhaps smaller riverboats for inland distribution, a highly organized and specialized systems for organizing industrial production and labor. High birth rates and death rates are followed by plunging death rates, producing a huge net population gain; this is followed by the convergence of birth rates and death rates at a low overall level, Maps where one dot represents a certain number of a phenomenon, such as a population, The time required for a population to double in size, Government policies designed to favor one racial sector over others, Government policies that encourage large families and raise the rate of population growth, A figure that describes the number of babies that die within the first year of their lives in a given population, A figure indicating how long, on average, a person may be expected to live. the expansion of economic, political, and cultural processes to the point that they become global in scale and impact. a model that explains the location of agricultural activities in a commercial, profit-making economy. the , . to of and a in " 's that for on is The was with said as at it by from be have he has his are an ) not ( will who I had their -- were they but been this which more or its would about : after up $ one than also 't out her you year when It two people - all can over last first But into ' He A we In she other new years could there ? Not the world's biggest city in terms of population or industrial output, but rather centers of strategic control of the world economy. the transformation of an area of a city into an area attractive to residents and tourists alike in terms of economic activity. the design of a spatial distribution (e.g. a rectangular land division scheme designed by Thomas Jefferson to disperse settlers evenly across farmlands of the U. S. interior. Maps that show the absolute location of places and geographic features determined by a frame of reference, typically latitude and longitude, The position or place of a certain item on the surface of the Earth as expressed in degrees, minutes, and seconds of latitude, 0° to 90° north or south of the equator, and longitude, 0° to 180° east or west of the Prime Meridian passing through Greenwich, England (a suburb of London), Geographic viewpoint—a response to determinism—that holds that human decision making, not the environment, is the crucial factor in cultural development. The upper fortified part of an ancient Greek city, usually deoted to religioius purposes, in Ancient Greece, public spaces where citizens debated, lectured, judged each other, planned military campaingns, socialized, and traded, the absolute location of a city, often chosen for the best trade location, the best defensive location, or an important religious location, the focal point of ancient Roman life combining the functions of the ancient Greek acropolis and agora, a city's relative location, its place in the region and world around it, a crescent-shaped zone across Eurasia from England in the west to Japan in the east, including the cities of London, Paris, Venice, Constantinople (Istanbul today), and Tabriz, Samarqand, Kabul, Lahore, Amra, Jaunpur, Xian, Anyang, Kyoto and Osakatrade area an adjacent region within which a city's influence is dominant, holds that in a model urban hierarchy, the population of a city or town will be inversely proportional to its rank in the hierarchy, theory proposed by Walter Christaller that explains how and where central places in the urban hierarchy should be functionally and spatially distributed with respect to one another, the movement of milloins of Americans from northern and northeastern States to the South and Southwest regions (Sunbelt) of the United States, the division of a city into different regions or zones (e.g. However, most shamans remain local figures, The system of Islamic law, sometimes called Qu'ranic law. observing variations in geographic phenomena across space, one of the major divisions of geography; the spatial analysis of human population, its cultures, activities, and landscapes. processes that incorporate lower levels of education, lower salaries, and less technology, thereby generating less wealth in the world economy. The treaties contained new language recognizing statehood and nationhood, clearly defined borders, and guarantees of security, in the general sense, associated with the promotion of commercialism and trade, a culturally defined group of people with a shared past and a common future who relate to a territory and have political goals (ranging from autonomy to statehood), a politically organized area in which nation and state occupy the same space, the idea that people are the ultimate sovereign-that is the people, the nation, have the ultimate say over what happens within the state, a state with more that one nation inside its borders, when a nation stretches across borders and across states. dominant city in terms of its role in the global political economy. For the best experience on our site, be sure to turn on Javascript in your browser. in the world economy, people, corporations, and states produce goods and exchange them on the world market, with the goal of achieving profit, the process of placing a price on a good and then buying, selling, and trading the good, processes that incorporate higher levels of education, higher salaries, and more technology thereby generating more wealth in the world economy. the visible imprint of human activity and culture on the landscape. An urban hierarchy is usually involved, encouraging the leapfrogging of innovations over wide areas, with geographic distance a less important influence, Satellite-based system for determining the absolute location of places or geographic features, A form of diffusion in which a cultural adaptation is created as a result of the introduction of a cultural trait from another place, A type of region marked by a certain degree of homogeneity in one or more phenomena; also called uniform region or homogeneous region, The regional position or situation of a place relative to the position of other places. Learn more here. McGee, a model showing similar land-use patterns among the medium-sized cities of Southeast Asia, Unplanned slum development on the margins of cities, dominated by crude dwellings and shelters made mostly of scrap wood, iron, and even pieces of cardboardf. Examples include finance, administration, insurance, and legal services. the study of health and disease within a geographic context and from a geographical perspective. JavaScript seems to be disabled in your browser. self-sufficient agriculture that is small small and low technology and emphasizes food production for local consumption, not for trade. Download free books in PDF format. Notions of gender differences—that is, what is considered "feminine" or "masculine"—vary greatly over time and space, In terms of a place, whether the place is designed for or claimed by men or women, Constructing an identity by first defining the "other" and then defining ourselves as "not the other", Defined by geographer Gillian Rose as "how we make sense of ourselves;" how people see themselves at different scales, Process by which new immigrants to a city move to and dominate or take over areas or neighborhoods occupied by older immigrant groups. inspiring young people for lifelong learning, English Homework (Five Senses Skill Builders), Excel Primary English Study Guides and Workbooks, FBP Complete Guide with Practice to English Series, Successful English (Australian Homeschooling Series), Back to Basics Comprehension & Vocabulary, Learn to Read, Write and Spell series (Australian Homeschooling Series), Revise Your Phonics (Australian Homeschooling Series), Step by Step Phonics & Phonic Reading NSW, Step by Step Phonics & Phonic Reading Vic, Five Senses Skillbuilders: Primary Comprehension, Complete Smart Series Grammar & Vocabulary, English Skills Primary Grammar and Punctuation, Skill Seekers Non Fiction Information Books, Successful Spelling (Australian Homeschooling Series), Basic Skills Creative Writing & Text Types, Australian Signpost Maths NSW 2nd Edition, Targeting Maths Australian Curriculum NSW Editions, Australian Signpost Maths (National Editions), Blake's Learning Centres - Maths (Australian Curriculum), Mathematics Heuristics and Strategies to Problem Solving, Solve Exam-type Mathematics Word Problems, Maths titles (Australian Homeschooling Series), Continual Assessment & Semestral Assessment Mathematics, 101 Must Know Challenging Maths Word Problems, Excel Core Books: English and Mathematics, Gamilaraay & Yuwaalaraay Aboriginal Language Program, Complete English Basics Australian Curriculum, Essential English Skills Australian Curriculum, Oxford English Year 10 Australian Curriculum, Secondary Literature Resources & Study Notes, Junior English Literature Notes / Study Guides, Senior English Literature Notes / Study Guides, Excel Area of Study Belonging Study Guides, HSC English Extension Study Guides (old course), HSC Standard English Study Guides (old course), HSC Advanced English Study Guides (old course), Australian Signpost Maths NSW (Secondary), ICE-EM Maths Australian Curriculum (Secondary), Working Mathematically Activities That Teach series, Secondary Science (Australian Homeschooling Series), Business, Commerce, Economics, Legal Studies, Community & Family Studies, Society & Culture, Australian Curriculum Primary English Resources, Achievement Standards Assessment: Number & Algebra, Australian Curriculum: Measurement & Geometry, Australian Curriculum: Statistics and Probability, Including Lower Achievers in the Maths Lesson series, Maths homework that's too good for the dog series, Targeting Maths Australian Curriculum Series, Targeting Maths Series for Lower, Middle and Upper Primary, Life Processes, Materials, Physical Processes, A Very Good Literacy Focus on Mathematics, Aboriginal & Torres Strait Islander history and cultures, © 2017 Five Senses Education Pty Ltd. 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Almost all plantations were established within the tropics, in recent decades, many have been divided into smaller holdings or reorganized as cooperatives, non-subsistence crops such as tea, cacoa, coffee, and tobacco, the raising of domesticated animals for the production of meat and other byproducts such as leather and wool, specialized farming that occurs only in areas where the dry-summer Mediterranean climate prevails, general terms for the businesses that provide the vast array of goods and services that support the agriculture industry, a logical attempt to explain the locational pattern of an economic activity and the manner in which its producing areas are interrelated. privatization of certain government entities and opening the country to foreign trade and investment), a disease carried from one host to another by an intermediate host, spread by mosquitoes that carry the malaria parasite in their saliva and which kills approximately 150,000 children in the global periphery each month, zones established by many countries in the periphery and semi-periphery where they offer favorable tax, regulatory, and trade arrangements to attract foreign trade and investment. the overall appearance of an area. a structuralist theory that offers a critique of the modernization model of development. Although predominantly high-income based, in North America gated communities are increasingly a middle-class phenomenon. the total variety of plant and animal species in a particular place; biological diversity, the layer in the upper atmosphere located between 30 and 45 kilometers above the Earth's surface where stratospheric ozone is most densely concentrated. hazardous waste-emitting radiation from nuclear power plants, nuclear weapons factories, and nuclear equipment in hospitals and industry. Primary Comprehension Series; Teaching Comprehension Strategies series; Primary Writing Teacher Resources. We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. energy supply and labor costs), the increase in time and cost that usually comes with increasing distance, the effects of distance on interaction, generally the greater the distance the less interaction, model developed by Alfred Weber according to which the location of manufacturing establishments is determined by the minimization of three critical expenses: labor, transportation, and agglomeration, a process involving the clustering or concentrating of people or activities. Starting over 10,000 years ago, people began to cluster in agricultural villages as they stayed in one place to tend to their crops, one of two components, together with social stratification, that enable the formation of cities; agricultural production in excess of that which the producer needs for his or her own sustenance and that of his or her familiy and which is then sold for consumption by others, one of two components, together with agricultural surplus, which enables the formation of cities, the differentiation of society into classes based on wealth, power, production, and prestige, (or urban elite) consist of a group of decision makers and organizers who controlled the resources, and often the lives, of others, region of great cities (e.g. scattered or concentrated), pertaining to space on the Earth's surface; sometimes used as a synonym for geographic, the study of geographic phenomena by visiting places and observing how people interact with and thereby change those places, the fourth theme of geography; uniqueness of a location, an outbreak of a disease that spreads worldwide. A process of spatial competition allocates verious farming activities into rings around a central market city, with profit-earning capability the determining force in how far a crop locates from the market, currently in progress, the Third Agricultural Revolution has as its principal orientation the development of Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs), the recently successful development of higher-yield, fast-growing varieties of rice and other cereals in certain developing countries, which led to increased production per unit area and a dramatic narrowing of the gap between population growth and food needs. According to Christian teaching, Jesus is the son of God, placed on Earth to teach people how to live according to God's planactivity space The space within which daily activity occurs, One of three major branches of Christianity, the Eastern Orthodox Church, together with the Roman Catholic Church, a second of the three major branches of Christianity, arose out of the division of the Roman Empire by Emperor Diocletian into four governmental regions: two western regions centered in Rome, and two eastern regions centered in Constantinople (now Istanbul, Turkey). Also know as slash-and-burn agriculture. The layers of buildings, forms, and artifacts sequentially imprinted on the landscape by the activities of various human occupants, Practice routinely followed by a group of people, The spatial trajectory through which cultural traits or other phenomena spread, Neighborhood, typically situated in a larger metropolitan city and constructed by or comprised of a local culture, in which a local culture can practice its customs, Cultural traits such as dress modes, dwellings, traditions, and institutions of usually small, traditional communities, A region in which the housing stock predominantly reflects styles of building that are particular to the culture of the people who have long inhabited the area, The notion that what happens at the global scale has a direct effect on what happens at the local scale, and vice versa. Bodleian Libraries. The Bodleian Libraries at the University of Oxford is the largest university library system in the United Kingdom. (de Blij, Murphey, Fouberg, ph 16), Prevailing cultural attitude rendering certain innovations, ideas or practices unacceptable or unadoptable in that particular culture, Involvement of players at other scales to generate support for a position or an initiative (e.g., use of the Internet to generate interest on a national or global scale for a local position or initiative), The distance-controlled spreading of an idea, innovation, or some other item through a local population by contact from person to person—analogous to the communication of a contagious illness, A form of diffusion in which an idea or innovation spreads by passing first among the most connected places or peoples. the rehabilitation of deteriorated, often abandoned, housing of low-income inner-city residents. A social process resulting in the transfer of beliefs, values, and social activities (like games or sports) from one society to another Independent invention The development of the same culture trait or pattern in many different culture hearths (that developed independently of each other) as a result of comparable needs and circumstances. the third theme of geography; an area on the Earth's surface marked by a degree of formal, functional, or perceptual homogeneity of some phenomenon. state of mind derived through the infusion of a place with meaning and emotion by remembering important events that occurred in that place or by labeling a place with a certain character. It’s another variation on “don’t like the rules build your own social media company” followed by “don’t like the rules build your own internet”. It is shown to be a widely dispersed, multicentered metropolis consisting of increasingly independent zones or realms, each focused on its own suburban downtown; the only exception is the shrunken central realm, which is focused on the CBD, a model of the Latin American city showing a blend of traditional elements of Latin American culture with the forces of globalization that are reshaping the urban scene, the very poorest of cities that in extreme cases are not even connected to regular city services and are controlled by gangs or drug-lords, developed by geographer T.G. dovetailing with and benefiting from the Industrial Revolution, the Second Agricultural Revolution witnessed improved methods of cultivation, harvesting, and storage of farm products. Nonetheless, possibilists view the environment as providing a set of broad constraints that limits the possibilities of human choice, Sequential diffusion process in which the items being diffused are transmitted by their carrier agents as they evacuate the old areas and relocate to new ones. Also concerned with the interpretation of mapped patterns, The sum total of the knowledge, attitudes, and habitual behavior patterns shared and transmitted by the members of a society. a general term of a model of economic development that treats economic disparities among countries or regions as the result of historically derived power relations within the global economic systems. the term given to zones in Northern Mexico with factories supplying manufactured goods to the U.S. market. restricted neighborhoods or subdivisions, often literally fenced in, where entry is limited to residents and their guests. specific area within a country in which tax incentives and less stringent environmental regulations are implemented to attract foreign business and investment, North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), agreement entered into by Canada, Mexico, and the United States in December, 1992 and which took effect on January 1, 1994, to eliminate the barriers to trade in, and facilitate the cross-border movement of goods and services between the countries, the encroachment of desert conditions on moister zones along the desert margins, where plant cover and soils are threatened by desiccation-through overuse, in part by humans and their domestic animal, and possibly, in part because of inexorable shifts in the Earth's environmental zones, place built up by a government or corporation to attract foreign investment and which has relatively high concentrations of paying jobs and infrastructure, international organizations that operate outside of the formal political arena but are nevertheless influential in spearheading international initiatives on social, economic, and environmental issues, program that provides small loans to poor people, especially women, to encourage development of small businessesorganic agriculture approach to farming and ranching that avoids the use of herbicides, pesticides, growth hormones, and other similar synthetic inputs. Birthday: ), even though the latter might have more significance in terms of human activity. At times, an especially strong shaman might attract a regional following. The protocol called for a reduction in the production and consumption of chloroflourocarbons (CFCs) of 50 percent by 2000. Hinduism is unique among the world's religions in that it does not have a single founder, a single theology, or agreement on its origins, The strict social segregation of people—specifically in India's Hindu society—on the basis of ancestry and occupation, Religion founded in the sixth century BCE and characterized by the belief that enlightenment would come through knowledge, especially self-knowledge; elimination of greed, craving, and desire; complete honesty; and never hurting another person or animal. The role of CFCs in the destruction of the ozone layer led to the signing of an international agreement (the Montreal Agreement), the primeval supercontinent, hypothesized by Alfred Wegener, that broke apart and formed the continents and oceans as we know them today; consisted of two parts--a northern Laurasia and a southern Gondwana, the formation of carbohydrates in living plants from water and carbon dioxide, through the action, loss of diversity through a failure to produce new species. Today it refers to a "common language," a language used among speakers of different languages for the purposes of trade and commerce, When parts of two or more languages are combined in a simplified structure and vocabulary, A language that began as a pidgin language but was later adopted as the mother tongue by a people in place of the mother tongue, Countries in which only one language is spoken, Countries in which more than one language is spoken, In multilingual countries the language selected, often by the educated and politically powerful elite, to promote internal cohesion; usually the language of the courts and government, The language used most commonly around the world; defined on the basis of either the number of speakers of the language, or prevalence of use in commerce and trade, Place namereligion defined by geographers Robert Stoddard and Carolyn Prorak in the book Geography in America as "a system of beliefs and practices that attempts to order life in terms of culturally perceived ultimate priorities. Originally denoting the dispersal of Jews, it is increasingly applied to other population dispersals, such as the involuntary relocation of Black peoples during the slave trade or Chinese peoples outside of Mainland China, Taiwan and Hong Kong, The movement to unite the Jewish people of the diaspora and to establish a national homeland for them in the promised land, Religion based on the teachings of Jesus. Also known as Shiahs, the Shiites represent the Persian (Iranian) variation of Islam and believe in the infallibility and divine right to authority of the Imams, descendants of Ali, Adherents to the largest branch of Islam, called the orthodox or traditionalist. The collapsing of two languages into one resulting from the consistent spatial interaction of peoples with different languages; the opposite of language divergence, Money migrants send back to family and friends in their home countries, often in cash, forming an important part of the economy in many poorer countries, the term applied to the social and economic changes in agriculture, commerce and manufacturing that resulted from technological innovations and specialization in late-eighteenth-century Europe, The process through which people lose originally differentiating traits, such as dress, speech particularities or mannerisms, when they come into contact with another society or culture.